When a star dies in a violent supernova, some of the planets survive the explosion, but to be thrown out of orbit and sent wandering the galaxy, a new study.

The theory offers an explanation of a handful of free-roaming planets discovered so far, and can mean a number of other worlds as rogue exist throughout the Milky Way.

"Because each star dies, and many of these stars are massive enough to cause warming of ejection, there is ample opportunity throughout the galaxy of stellar death contribute to the floating population," said chief Dimitri Veras study, is an astronomer at Britain's University of Cambridge.

"We do not know yet how these planets are common, but observational evidence suggests that there may be more planets floating between the two stars that orbit them," he said.

The new model also indicates that in very rare cases, some surviving planets can remain linked to supernova remnants, find new ways around neutron stars or black holes left by the explosions. (See images of supernova remnants.)

A wrinkle in the two-body problem

The new theory is based on a complex computer models that take into account anything known in physics as the problem of two bodies.

This formula for classical mechanics, helps to determine the orbits of two bodies interact, the electron around the atomic nucleus of a planet around a star.

As long as astronomers can measure the masses, positions and velocities of the two objects, they can determine their past, present and future tracks using simple mathematical equations.

The new study, except for a ride on the two-body problem, Vera said, because the stars are losing mass, as they go through their agony.

"In this situation, we do not know if a solution exists only simple equations, so in many cases, we must use computers to simulate the trajectories," he said.

Depending on the model, when the stars at least 7 to 10 times the mass of our sun supernova, the swallows of encouragement to all the inner planets that orbit at several times the distance between Earth and sun.

Planets orbiting hundreds of times the Earth-Sun distance will be rather disturbed and their orbits are elongated so that they are finally thrown into interstellar space.

In some cases, disturbing planets be pushed into more distant orbits, but stable at around supernova remnants.

Planets orbiting these stellar remnants can continue as pulsars and black holes themselves far enough they would not be swallowed up by their intense gravitational pull, but the survivors would be charred, dead worlds.

What's more, these worlds can be easily pulled to the limit the system and become a thief whose attraction to draw others close to the stars.

Billions of rogue planets out there?

In May 2011 a different set of observations, astronomers described the tests up to ten planets, which appear to migrate independently through interstellar space.

New ejection mechanism could explain how they escaped from their planets found in stellar systems, Steinn Sigurdsson said an astronomer at Pennsylvania State University is not connected to research. (See the commentary on the book blog Sigurdsson Dynamics of cats.)

But Sigurdsson warns that there might be another way to play is how the planets are thrown out of their star systems.

"Others may be the dominant mechanism is the planet-planet scattering, in which the planets of mass, remove the other planets in their orbits, and a fraction is launched into space than the bound, Rogues," says Sigurdsson.

It is possible, even the two mechanisms work together, Sigurdsson said, with the scattering effect of putting the planets in orbit and out of the supernova and then expelled from the system.

Regardless, he thinks opportunities add up to a large number of floating planets.

"The numbers [with two mechanisms of expulsion] are broadly consistent, and both involve billions of planets in total thugs," he said.

Worlds can accommodate expelled life underground

A big question, which new research is whether life could survive the separation of planets in the clan.

The answer may be yes, if the world had enough internal heat and is already supported the underground life, says John Debes, a planet hunter are not affiliated team Veras.

"The moons like Europa, which is heated by the tides of Jupiter due to constant interaction with other moons, is probably the best of Paris to eject a survivor," said You, a postdoctoral fellow at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland .

"One Earth could live under certain conditions, if there is a moon to survive the expulsion," from the Moon is tidal heating.

Life could also find a way to respond on planets outside the host stars, in good conditions, Debes said. (See "Earth-size" Lone Wolf "planets can support life.")

There have been studies showing that climatic, geodynamic, and biogeochemical might be able to support life on planets without stars, especially those with underlying ocean hot springs, where the movement of energy can still be sufficient to run a biosphere .

Ejection very hard to detect planets

The main objective of Veras and his team had really taken note of the star giving away the planets, which can be difficult if not impossible.

This is because the current technology, the chances are low to find planets of the dying star about to explode.

Now is the test results of what happens to stars when they die, a large orbiting planets, and the free-floating planets, Veras said.

"All the ingredients are there," he said. "But the time to really observe a planet being ejected in most cases is longer than a human life."

The study is currently projected warming on the website arXiv.org preprint and have been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

source from here

Somehow, the portable MP3 player is one of the few gadgets to defy the pending onedevice-to-rule-them-all convergence. Why? Smaller non-phone form factors, jogging, and simplicity, for starters. All we know is that Apple sold a whopping 17 million iPods in the fourth quarter of 2010, that’s 3 million more MP3 players than iPhones.

We recently discovered that the BlackBerry has Packager module package references correctly in the case of some source code compatibility. And this post explains how to solve this problem.

WSClient + + comes with the file that contains compiled Java classes wsclient.blackberry.jar with the source code needed to run the project. But if the file is not packaged correctly wsclient.blackberry.jar the BlackBerry, the runtime will fail with an error

Module "WSClientForBlackberry" is not

It is because of the difference between the compiled version wsclient.blackberry.jar, and the version of your BlackBerry goal. Since we can not build and ship each version separately, it is following to solve this problem.

Earth may have already had two moons, but one was destroyed in an accident that left idling our current lumpy lunar orbit on one side than the other, scientists say.

Astronomers have long been puzzled that differences in the side of the moon always faces the Earth, almost half and half and always on the opposite side. Topography near the hand is relatively low and flat, while the other side is high and mountainous, much thicker shell.

According to a new computer model, this discrepancy can be explained if the smaller is the "companion of the moon", we met the other side of the moon in its history. Such a collision would have been splashed across a particularly hard stone material now forms the current lunar highlands.

For the theory to work, the little moon crashed into the largest in about 4400 miles (7081 km) per hour.

"This is the slowest possible collision of two massive bodies could have been dropped in another gravity," said co-author Erik Asphaug, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).

This relatively slow speed, the collision on the other side would not have enough energy to melt rock and carve out a crater. It would have been powerful enough to cast material of the small moon, the moon bigger.

"It's like a car accident, where you have crumpled fenders, but that will not melt when they hit cars," Asphaug said. "It's the same kind of phenomenon."

Collision Created moon meteor shower

The new theory, Asphaug and postdoctoral researcher Martin Jutzi UCSC, is detailed in the latest issue of the journal Nature.

According to their model, the two moons side by side peacefully about 80 million years, each in its stable orbit. Moons were the same color and texture, but one was about three times larger than the others, Asphaug said.

"Our moon looked like a large dish in the sky ... and when it goes down, there was a moon is another leak of about 60 degrees," he said.

This short period of harmony was broken moon, depending on the model where the gravitational interactions with the Earth's natural because the two moons to slip further from our planet. Sun's gravitational tug to destabilize the small lunar orbit and dropped it in its larger siblings.

Although not very energetic, the collision would have pushed trillion tons of lunar dust, out of the room, obscuring the two moons for several days.

"When the dust is removed, it had a moon, which may seem similar to our moon today," said Asphaug.

Up to a million years after the event, the earth was bombarded by fragments of different sizes of the moon, the largest of which could be as much as 62 miles (100 kilometers) across.

"You meteor in the sky for a long time," Asphaug said, although probably not have been life on earth are not attending a spectacular sky show.

Lunar Smashup opens "Problems Cool"

Astronomer Jeffrey Taylor of the University of Hawaii said the theory of the new moon is very interesting and worth further investigation.

Asphaug and Jutzi Model is not only a share of asymmetry of the Moon, Taylor said, but the results also explained the fates of smaller satellites theory predicts that another friend was supposed to be on the side of the Moon.

One of the main theories about how our Moon formed is that he was born after a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth shortly after the solar system formed about 4.5 billion years. (See "Earth-Moon formed later collision of an asteroid than previously thought.")

Scientists think past smashup created by molten rock ring of debris around the Earth, which eventually merged in many different organs, like the Moon. (Theme: "The moon has fallen, and may still be in a Contracting State.")

But "if so, what happened to [the smaller moons] This is the only thing that could happen to them," said Taylor, who was not involved in the study.

The new theory is not without problems, however. For example, it explains why the opposite side of the moon package shows high concentrations of aluminum, said Taylor.

If the two moons were formed from the material itself, as has been assumed, a moon and splatterings companion, would be a bit 'of aluminum, as the moon's interior.

However, this problem could be solved by future lunar studies, says Taylor, and it's not serious enough a reason to reject the theory.

"In any case," he says, "opens up the cool work problems."



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Google Voice applications have a fairly turbulent history in the App Store. At first, Apple has adopted, and the people rejoiced. Then, seemingly out of nowhere and shot him with "duplicate functionality that comes with the iPhone (Dialer, SMS, etc.)." Cited as the reason. People were naturally fucking crazy.

Over the last few days, developers have at least two applications were indicating they had heard good news from Apple, suggesting that the Apps would be a approved by Apple, no jailbreak required return. Actually, they just started to appear in the App Store.

The first application for approval, as I can tell, by Andreas Amann GV Connect, App Store, which weighs a few moments ago. Going for $ 2.99, powered by Google Apps-based support for voice calls, text messages and voice - in other words, all these applications were initially banned.

We reached out to Sean Kovacz, GV developer of Mobile, which was pretty good the first Google Voice application, when such things were originally permitted. Its application, unfortunately, is still pending approval - a little discouraging when he was one of the first off the bat in the opening round.

Hoping that Apple continues to approve these things - and more importantly, they stick to that time.

A small space rock that is partially related to the earth by a chain of gravitation is to first planet known Trojan asteroids, astronomers say.

The Trojans are objects that are gravitationally stable regions in front of or behind another body, so they share the same orbit but never collide.

Trojan asteroids have been discovered around Jupiter, Neptune and Mars and Saturn in orbit by a few groups of the moons of Troy.

The recently discovered Trojan is about 1,000 feet (300 meters) wide and sits on about 50 million kilometers (80000000 km) in front of the Earth.

"It is in orbit around the Sun in the same way that our orbital path is, and is controlled in part by our severity, but the Sun's gravity to control," said Martin Connors, an astronomer at the University of Athabasca in Canada and one of the co-discoverers of the object.

Connors compared with the orange strange asteroid with an outstretched arm, by a person riding a Ferris wheel. In this analogy, the orange is the Trojan, the person is the Earth and the big wheel is our orbit around the sun.

"The orange would be walking around the wheel, but to keep it at arm's length is up to you," said Connors.

"This Trojan is: There is one important thing is you drag, gravity is the Sun, but Earth has some control over it and if the Earth's gravity does not exist, was another. Of course, as if you'll let go of the orange, that fall to the ground. "

Add The Trojans spotted yet?

Scientists have long predicted that the earth should be the Trojans, but, like the asteroid had not noticed until now, because they tend to be relatively small and scattered in the general direction of the Sun seen from Earth, which are difficult to locate the Star dazzle.

Fortunately, Trojans found traces it takes far enough from the solar telescopes on site.

Connors and his team discovered stone Commons, nicknamed TK7 2010 using NASA's Infrared Survey Explorer wider range, or the wise, the space telescope. The team later confirmed the discovery with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

We do not know when or how the Earth and asteroids, along with the first, but computer models suggest that the orbit of the Trojan will be stable for at least ten thousand years.

Despite being relatively close to Earth, 2010 TK7 not a good candidate for future exploration robots or human, the researchers said.

This is because the asteroid is an unusual slant route over the Earth, which is well above or below the plane of the orbit of our planet. In this configuration, to reach the Trojan require large amounts of fuel.

However, it is possible that the Trojan horses of the earth more conveniently located, which have yet to discover, Connors.

"Among the Trojan asteroids of Jupiter, some of them are almost in the plane of Jupiter," he said.

"If we can find similar things for the Earth, then they could be relatively low-power objectives, and would be an interesting opportunity to have."

Earth Trojan asteroid is first described the July 28 issue of the journal Nature.

A dying star has a wheezing cough blew a gas shell looks like a big blue football, scientists say.

The discovery could shed new design planetary nebulae, the name comes from the 18 th century, astronomers using telescopes already thought that the stars the clouds of gas-giant planets.

Matthias Kronberger found amateur soccer-ball Nebula, named Kronberger 61 January 2011, after carefully studying the images digitized sky survey in 1980. When he warns professional astronomers, Gemini Observatory in Hawaii, magnified in the region to create a new color-composite image.

Kronberger 61 is located about 13,000 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus, and is almost perfectly round, a joke in comparison to other 3000 or so planetary nebulae have already been found.

"Very little of this area. They are usually elongated and resemble butterflies and other objects," said astronomer George Jacoby of the giant telescope of the Organization of Magellan, in Pasadena, California, which contributed to the image of nebula with Gemini.

When a star like the sun most of the fuses its hydrogen into helium and then helium into carbon, the star becomes unstable and blows into a red giant.

The hot core collapses and begins to vibrate, possibly pay their outer layers of gas to prepare the ground for the birth of a planetary nebula. When the core is exposed, its radiation heats the expelled gas, making it shine.

Looking for a kick-Ball Nebula Telltale Heart Beat

As the fog planets can form such complex structures, however, is a popular topic among professional astronomers, as Jacoby.

A camp was suspicious of a dying star requires that the severity and / or magnetic "interference" from a partner star may be close to another star or large planet, creating a planetary nebula complex form.

Another camp believes that the complex forms, like the butterfly as clouds can be formed without the help of close companions.

"If [Kronberger 61], we find years from now", when NASA's Kepler planet-finding space telescope is ready to set a hot star at the center of the nebula, Jacoby says.

If a star appears to brighten and dim periodically during the year, it is likely that a large orbiting companion helped to form a ball-like seams. Mean that the illuminating light-up side of the object orbiting the earth is facing, such as when the sun reflects the moon. Wash-out in turn could mean an object passes in front of a star, or that the companion (and the lit side) passes behind the star.

Our own Sun may or may not blow and informed as Kronberger 61, when it starts to die in about five billion years.

"The sun is about to be able to do that. It's not quite massive enough, "said Jacboy." I think it will have problems. "

Nebula Balls results were presented Monday at an international symposium of the International Astronomical Union in Puerto de la Cruz, Spain.

In a Galaxy 12 billion light years further away saw the cloud and the most massive of the water were observed in the universe, astronomers say.

With a weight of 40 billion times the mass of the Earth, the huge cloud of fog swaddling a form of active power Supermassive Black Hole known as a quasar.

Among the most brightest and most energetic of the universe, quasars are black holes in the center of galaxies that are gravitationally disks consume surrounding material, while belching jets back of the powerful energy.

"As the volume of material is consumed by the central black hole, it releases energy in the form of X-rays and infrared radiation, which can in turn heat the surrounding material, resulting in water vapor observed "said study co-author Eric Murphy, an astronomer with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California.

Steam to work around this particular Quasar is enough water to "fill in all the oceans of the Earth more than 140 billion times, has a lot of water."

Water was the primordial universal refrigerant?

Murphy and colleagues have discovered a black hole wet with a spectrograph attached to the ten-meter Caltech submillimeter follow-up group of the top of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The team also found that the cloud is swimming unusually warm water in the other gas and dust around the black hole.

In fact there is enough gas and dust that the black hole can reach six times its current size, more than 120 billion times the mass of our sun, says Murphy.

Perhaps even more surprising is that the colossal cosmic reservoir formed when the universe was only 1.6 billion years. (Associated "Black Holes found near Immaculate Conception universe.")

"For me, the most exciting aspect of this discovery, it shows how the water is ubiquitous even one tenth of the current age of the universe," said Murphy.

"The fact that we found a large amount of [water] at this early stage in the universe, is another sign that the molecules and the chemical enrichment of galaxies may have taken place so soon after the Big Bang. "

Astronomers hope to use the knowledge to examine how large amounts of water in the world of young people may have acted as an efficient cooling of interstellar dust medium, and fine gas between the stars, perhaps star formation and affect the evolution of galaxies like our Milky Way.

A document that describes the aqueous quasars has been accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters.